An examination of an embryo in an underground gametophyte reveals a massive foot with ultrastructural variability comparable to that across major clades.
A study of Pedicularis rex and P. tricolor finds that AM colonization is low, and less than 1 % of total plant P is taken up from the soil via the AM fungus.
A study of morphogenesis of lobed MCs of Zea mays finds that it is characterized by early, patterned differentiation of two distinct cell wall subdomains.